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Overview

Module Fourteen:
Differing Perspectives



Time Frame: 20 hours
In this module students examine some of the issues that affect visual artists. Topics could include purchasing public art, status of the artist, censorship, racism, feminist issues, stereotyping, politics, funding, etc.

Foundational Objectives Vocabulary and Concepts
The students will:
  • analyze forms of art from a variety of cultures and societies, historical and contemporary; interpret meanings within appropriate contexts, and relate their understanding to their own expressions and life experiences
  • use analytical and critical thought to respond to art works and infer meanings based on the many contexts of visual art and global issues
  • initiate and develop ideas for art-making, transpose these ideas into art forms using a variety of media, and reflect upon their processes and their completed works within the contexts of visual art
  • stereotypes
  • symbols and art works
  • themes in art
  • mass media and women
  • gender differences in art works
  • changing values
  • traditional and non-traditional materials and techniques
  • student voices
  • minority voices in the arts
  • controversial issues and visual art

Common Essential Learnings Resources
  • develop both intuitive, imaginative thought and the ability to evaluate ideas, processes, experiences and objects in meaning contexts (CCT)
  • understand and use the vocabulary, structures and forms of expression that characterize visual art (C)
  • understand prejudice, discrimination, racism, sexism and all forms of inequality and exploitation, and contribute to their elimination (PSVS)
  • develop their abilities to access knowledge (IL)
  • home/community
  • Arts Education: Visual Art Resource for Grades 9 and 10 (slide set)
  • Ideas and Inspiration: Contemporary Canadian Art (slide set and CD-ROM)
  • reproductions, magazine articles, art gallery catalogues
  • appropriate books listed in the bibliography
  • assorted media and found materials
  • any available supplies, such as drawing boards, photography equipment, video camera and VCR, computers and companion hardware/software
  • appropriate films/videos listed in the bibliography

Instruction Assessment
  • discussion
  • questioning
  • brainstorming
  • creating visual art works
  • viewing art works (describe/analyze/ interpret/judge)
  • small group/whole group/individual work
  • journal writing
  • research
  • debating
  • role playing
Student assessment in visual art is based on the foundational objectives. Teachers should take into account students' perceptual development, procedural and conceptual understanding, and personal expression. Assessment should be ongoing and include a wide range of assessment techniques focusing on the students' creative and responsive processes, as well as on any culminating product. In visual art, teachers must rely to a great extent on their observation and record-keeping abilities. Students should be encouraged to take an active role in their own assessment.

The teacher should:

  • discuss objectives and assessment criteria with students
  • select criteria for assessment based on the foundational objectives and related learning objectives
  • observe and record students' ongoing development according to the selected criteria
  • design assessment charts
  • keep anecdotal records
  • keep cumulative records
  • observe students' contributions and commitment to individual and group experiences
  • discuss students' visual art experiences with them
  • listen to students' reflections on their own visual art experiences
  • assess student progress over time.

Module Fourteen:
Differing Perspectives

The arts provide people with a means of exploring issues and contradictions in a non-literal manner. Many contemporary visual artists are concerned with such issues as racism, stereotyping, aging, war, poverty and sexism. Artists explore such issues through the development of their work and offer the viewer an opportunity to respond and perhaps think about the issue in a new way. In this module, students can view art works that explore social issues, and create art works that express their personal concerns.

Sometimes controversies arise about a particular art work, especially if the work in question is a publicly owned work, such as a commemorative statue. When artists are commissioned, they often must try to satisfy the expectations of large numbers of people, while at the same time maintaining their autonomy as individual artists. This module provides students with an opportunity to explore such controversies and understand the relationship between artists and the public. If any particular arts controversies are in the news at the time of study, they could be incorporated into this module.

As in other modules, teachers should adapt the following suggested activities for the needs and interests of their students.

Suggested Activities Possible Resources
Traditional Images of Women

The students will:

  • recognize that artists make choices in their work which reflect themes and points of view that are both personal and social
  • demonstrate the ability to research independently in order to increase their understanding of visual art and to further knowledge on a variety of themes
  • develop skills in drawing that assist in the organization and communication of ideas in their work
 
Look at artists' depictions of women from a variety of cultures and times. Have each student research the depiction of women in a particular time period.

As the needs and conditions of a society change, so do the roles of the members of that society. Look at a particular group of women; for example, North American women from before World War II to the present. How have visual representations of women changed in this time period? How do the objects included in paintings and photographs imply information about women and their place in society? What are common themes? Are there differences in themes if the works are by male or female artists? What are stereotypes and how are stereotypes fostered? How does mass media reinforce or change ideas about male and female roles?

Books, films, magazines, reproductions, etc. with images of women
In the nineteenth century, women were beginning to achieve status as artists and individuals. Compare nineteenth century examples of images done of women by female artists to those done of women by male artists. How is the presentation different and the same? Compare student ideas to critical writings that deal with the position of men and women in nineteenth century Western society.

Have students prepare a realistic portrait of a man or a woman who is important to them. Students may want to ask themselves some of the following questions while working:

  • What point of view have I taken?
  • How have I used colour, line, shape, texture, etc. to communicate information about the individual?
  • How does body language and expression communicate meaning?
  • What articles and clothing have I included to suggest the status of the individual or my personal point of view?

Display the works and discuss the various points of view and visual clues in the works.

Books, films, magazines, reproductions with images of women done by both men and women
Suggested Activities Possible Resources
Contemporary Women's Art

The students will:

  • understand how historical, social and environmental factors and issues influence visual art and artists
  • recognize that contemporary artists, designers, craftspeople and their works are often difficult to classify
  • demonstrate an open-minded approach to diversity of ideas and artistic styles and respect informed opinions that differ from their own
  • investigate how artists', art historians' and critics' views about art change over time and will continue to change
 
Gather a selection of contemporary womens' visual art works from a variety of cultures. How do the subject matter, presentation, issues, etc. change in relation to women's art works from earlier times? Why are there so few works of art made by women recorded in the history of art? What is sexism? Is sexism an issue in the history of art? What issues are important to women artists in the late twentieth century? Have students read and discuss articles written by feminist critics.

Many women artists have pushed the limits of the traditions of art and the materials used. View and respond to examples of works by such artists as J. Wieland, J. Hassan, J. Sterbak, G. Falk, E. Roth, B. Astman, G. Cadieux, J. Chicago, etc. How have they expanded the materials and concepts used in their works? Many feminist artists incorporate traditional women's art and craft in their work, such as weaving or quilt-making. Why do they do this? What do the traditional materials say in the context of contemporary work?

Have students individually or in small groups interview female artists from the community who use a variety of methods and materials. Ask students to present their findings on the artists' philosophy, working styles, subject matter, etc. to the class. Invite a female artist who is concerned with women's issues to the classroom and ask her to show her work to the class. Inquire about the artist's creative processes. How does she get from the initial inspiration to the finished work?

Have students incorporate a traditionally female art (knotting, appliqué, etc.) into a work that

expresses their own ideas. Both male and female student should do this. Compare the results.

Women's art works from the twentieth century

Ideas and Inspiration: Contemporary Canadian Art (slide set and CD-ROM) slides #1A, 10A, 18A, 20A, 24A, 25A, 29A, 30A, 33A, 38A, 44A, 48A, 49A, 3B, 7B, 9B, 12B, 15B, 16B, 18B, 21B, 23B, 26B, 27B

Magazine and journal articles about the Gorilla Girls

Suggested Activities Possible Resources
Minority Voices

The students will:

  • research to understand the traditional and contemporary visual art of various cultures, past and present, including Aboriginal cultures
  • understand how visual art can transmit or challenge cultural values, ideas and beliefs
  • recognize that artists make choices in their work which reflect themes and points of view that are both personal and social
 
Examine the art of minority groups for examples of the developing voice of such groups during the twentieth century. Minority groups in Canada might include Aboriginal artists, Japanese Canadian artists, artists of colour, etc. What do the works have in common? How are they different? Do the artists always express ideas related to minority status in their work? What variations do the students see within groups?  
View works from the slide kit Fear of Others: Art Against Racism. What devices have the artists used to communicate their ideas? Have students use any media or technique to create a work dealing with "art against racism". Assist students by referring to the various devices used by the artists in Art Against Racism (humour, text, distortion, contrast, etc.). Fear of Others: Art Against Racism by Arts in Action Society (kit)
Suggested Activities Possible Resources
Student Voices

The students will:

  • investigate how artists use metaphor, symbol, juxtaposition and other means to convey meaning
  • be aware that being an artist involves knowledge, attitude and imagination in addition to technical skill
  • understand ways artists acquire and transform ideas into visual form and use this understanding to generate ideas for their own personal expression
 
Students may be considered a sub-group within the larger society. They may want to express their voices about issues that are important to them. Have students brainstorm ideas for the development of works that speak strongly in the students' own voices. Issues may include jobs or the lack of jobs, power or the lack of power, euthanasia, ecology, nationalism, futurism, conformity, etc.

Have each student create a visual image, or write a paragraph or verse about an issue of personal importance. Collect these and put them in a three-hole binder. Add each year to the binder and reflect on the works and the changes that each year brings. Over time, this collection can provide a starting point for discussions and projects related to social issues, change and student voices.

Students could look through the book Art and Design: A Resource Book for Students by C. Dunn for ideas related to childhood, war, wealth, solitude, death, peace, power, grief, holidays, physical appearance, old age, etc.
Suggested Activities Possible Resources
Controversies in the Arts

The students will:

  • develop an understanding of the issues and concerns of visual artists and explore controversies related to the arts
  • become aware of the various art institutions and their purposes, traditions and responsibilities to artists and communities
  • examine relationships between patrons and artists, and clients and designers, and the influences they may have upon each other

From time to time controversies arise about the purchase of a work by a publicly funded institution, the public display of a particular work, the public's response to a commemorative work, or issues regarding funding for the arts. These controversies provide opportunities for debate and discussion, and for teachers to provide students with information about the role of art galleries and other arts institutions such as the Saskatchewan Arts Board and the Canada Council. The following are examples of learning experiences the teacher can provide:

  • Hold a formal debate on an issue such as public funding for the arts. Invite members of the community to debate the issue in front of the class, or have the students research and debate the issue.
  • Select an appropriate controversial work of art ("Voice of Fire" by Barnett Newman, for example). Have students write critical reviews, letters to the editor, artist's statements, etc. from various points of view (not necessarily their own).
  • Have students research the role of the public art gallery as a museum and recorder/collector of culture. Invite a public gallery director to the classroom. Arrange a gallery visit, write to various galleries asking about their role, etc.
  • Choose a particular controversy (the Regina controversy about J. Nugent's commemorative statue of Louis Reil, for example) and research various sides of the issue. Have students role play a variety of people involved in a mock public meeting.
 

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