Points

Embryonic Development

Critical Periods

Reproductive Technologies

Teratogens

Heredity/

Genetics

100

The period of prenatal development that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception.

The last trimester of pregnancy is critical for brain development

In vitro fertilization is the procedure by which ova are surgically removed from the ovaries, fertilized by sperm in the laboratory, and allowed to divide until the 16 or 32 cell stage.

Teratogens are the broad range of substances (such as drugs and pollutants) and conditions (such as severe malnutrition and extreme stress) that increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities.

The construction of a human requires an estimated 30,000 genes.

200

The embryo's endoderm , the inner layer of cells, primarily produces internal body parts such as the respiratory and digestive systems.

In terms of the mother's age, two time periods are of special interest: adolescence and the thirties and beyond.

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT). A doctor inserts eggs and sperm directly into a woman's fallopian tube.

Generally, male embryos (XY) and fetuses are at a greater risk in that more are more often aborted spontaneously.

If the DNA in a single human cell could be unraveled it would form a single thread about 1.5 metres and about 127 trillionths of a centimetre thick.

300

The middle layer of cells, called the mesoderm , will become the circulatory system, bones, muscle, excretory system, and reproductive system.

The greatest damage to the fetus from the mother contracting German measles (rubella) occurs during the third and fourth weeks of pregnancy.

Artificial insemination. Frozen sperm, that of the husband or an unknown donor, is placed directly into the uterus bypassing the cervix and upper vagina.

Fetal alcohol syndrome is a cluster of abnormalities that appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy.

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

400

The outer layer of cells, the ectoderm will become the nervous system, the sensory receptors (eyes, nose, and ears) and skin.

Tranquilizers taken during the first three months may cause cleft palate or other congenital malformations.

Zygote intrafallopian transfer. This involves a two-step procedure. First, eggs are fertilized in the laboratory. Then, any resulting zygotes are transferred to a fallopian tube.

Fetal and neonatal deaths are higher among smoking mothers .

Twenty-two of the pairs of chromosomes are the same in both men and women. These are called autosomes .

500

The heartbeat commences in the third week following conception.

Maternal smoking early in pregnancy increases the risk of abnormalities, including malformations of the limbs and the urinary tract.

The success rate for in vitro fertilization is just under 20 percent.

Three or more drinks daily, or binge drinking of five or more drinks on one occasion early in pregnancy causes fetal alcohol syndrome.

The father determines the gender of the child.

Points

Prenatal Development

Sociocultural Influences

Germinal Period

Genetic Testing and Disorders

Interesting Facts

100

There are three developmental stages in prenatal development.

The three systems of support based on the ecological model include the microsystem , the exosystem and the macrosystem levels.

The germinal period lasts for two weeks .

Amniocentesis is a prenatal medical procedure performed between the 12 th and 16 th weeks of pregnancy in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe.

Every individual is born with a distinct, genetically-based set of psychological tendencies or dispositions. These tendencies are called temperament .

200

In sequence the prenatal developmental stages are the germinal , embryonic , and fetal .

At the microsystem level, the influences include the mother, father, family, peers, and the religious setting.

Approximately one week after conception the zygote is composed of 100 to 150 cells.

Ultrasound sonography is a prenatal medical procedure in which high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman's abdomen to produce an image of the fetus.

About 10 percent of young infants can be described as being difficult .

300

The germinal period of development is the first two weeks of development.

At the exosystem level, the influences include the community, health agencies, school, and the mass media.

The blastocyst is the inner layer of cells that later develop into the embryo.

The chorionic villus test is a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed at some point between the 8 th and the 11 th week of pregnancy.

A caesarian section is the surgical removal of the baby from the uterus.

400

The embryonic period is the period of prenatal development that occurs from two to eight weeks after conception.

At the macrosystem level, the influences include the culture, nationality, economic status, political climate, and the society.

The trophoblast is the outer layers of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo.

The maternal blood test is a prenatal diagnostic technique that is used to assess neural tube defects.

Generally, the European nations have the lowest incidence of low birth weight.

500

The fetal period is the period of development that begins two months after conception and lasts for seven months, on the average.

Maternal stress, psychological problems, loneliness, and poor housing correlate with prenatal complications.

Implantation of the zygote into the uterine wall takes place about 10 days after conception.

Genetic engineering is the alteration of an organism's genetic instructions through the insertion of additional genes.

The construction of a human requires an estimated 30,000 genes.

Points

Heredity/Genetics

Cognitive Development

Fetal Development

Interesting Facts

Labour/Delivery

100

Heredity is the process of transmitting biological traits from parent to offspring through genes , the basic units of heredity.

The blood circulation system and the nervous system are the first to function in embryonic life.

Fetal development begins at the eighth week of pregnancy.

The Role Exchange Test, The Universal Consequences Test and The New Cases Test are methods of moral testing.

There are three stages during labour and delivery.

200

Characteristics that we inherit through heredity include hair colour, skin colour, height, weight, and temperament.

By the second month an avoidance reaction occurs if an unpleasant stimulus is applied to the embryonic upper lip.

Three months after conception the fetus is 10 centimetres long and weighs approximately 60 grams.

In humans, genetic engineering involves adding normal genes, either directly via a blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant or directly into a cluster of cells.

For a woman having her first child, the first stage, the longest, lasts an average of 12 to 24 hours .

300

A gene is a section of a DNA molecule that carries information for the construction of a protein or part of a protein.

Before birth it appears that genes predominantly direct how the brain establishes basic wiring patterns.

At four months a growth spurt occurs in the fetus' lower parts.

Fifty-eight percent of all developing organisms fail to grow or implant properly and thus do not survive the germinal period.

The second stage begins when the baby's head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal .

400

The scientists who mapped the human genome were Francis Collins and J. Craig Venter.

The most remarkable fetal learning involves hearing .

By the end of the sixth month the eyes and eyelids have completely formed, a grasping reflex is present and irregular breathing occurs.

The human brain holds about 100 billion nerve cells or neurons.

Afterbirth is the third stage. At this time the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled.

500

Genes are blueprints for the assembly and regulation of proteins that are the body's building blocks.

The human brain holds about 100 billion nerve cells or neurons.

During the 28 th week, if born, the baby could survive. At this point the baby is adding fat, looks old, wrinkled and has primitive breathing movements.

In terms of brain size, men have the largest brains.

The Lamaze method , a widely used childbirth strategy, involves helping the expectant mother to cope actively with the pain of childbirth through relaxation and breathing techniques.